Peters



(No Model.) I 3 SheetsSheet 1. O. E. EMERY.

HYDRAULIC TESTING MACHINE.

Patented June 5,1883.

INVENTOB N. PETERs Phammhc n her. Washlrlgknm 1 (l (No Model.) 3 SheetsSheet 2.

O. E. EMERY.

HYDRAULIC TESTING MAGHINB.

*' No. 278,919. Patented June 5,1883.

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C. E. EMERI- HYDRAULIC TESTING MACHINE.

No. 278,919. Patented June 5,1883.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

CHARLES E. EMER-Y, OF BROOKLYN, NEV YORK, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE AS.- SIGNMENTS, TO THE. EMERY SCALE COMPANY, OF STAMFORD, CONN.

HYDRAULIC TESTING-MACHINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 278,919, dated June 5, 1883. Application filed May 2, 1883. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that I, CHARLES E. EMERY, of 1 the city of Brooklyn, in the county of Kings and State of New York, (office New York city,) have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Testing-Machines and Gages, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to those testing-machines in which hydraulic straining-presses and hydraulic gages are employed, and to hydraulic pressure-gages for other purposes.

The subject-matter of the invention isa selfregistering testing-machine comprising a hydraulic straining-press, a hydraulic gage for measuring the strains on the specimens by de terinining the pressure of the liquid in the straining-press, and apparatus for making diagrams to show the elongations and compressions and other changes in the shape of the specimens, together with the loads or strains which cause such elongations, compressions, and other changes of shape.

The invention consists, first, in the employment of means for eliminating or neutralizing the resistance of packing friction to longitudinal motion in hydraulic apparatus of this character. Such resistance has heretofore complicated and hindered or prevented a correct measurement or indication of strains or pressure. It is practically eliminated or neutralized if the ram, piston, or plunger or its cylin der or case is made rotary, so that there is a. relative motion of rotation between them simultaneously with thelongitudinal movement. The invention consists, secondly, in the combination, with the ram of a testing-machine in which the rain is rotated, of a liquid-pressure chamber at the end of the ram from which its pressure is transmitted, whereby the pressure of the strainingpress is transmitted through the ram and liquid to the cross-head of the ram without the latter pressing directly against the cross-head, whereby the rain is made to ro tate easily, which would not be the case if the ram transmitted the pressure directly to the cross-head without the intervening liquid.

The invention consists, thirdly, in the combination,'in a testing-machine, of ahydraulic straining-press anda hydraulic gage constructed and operated on the said principle of rotation, for determining the strain on the speeimenby the pressure of theliquid in the straining press.

The invention consists, fourthly, in the combination, in a testing-machine, of a hydraulic gage constructed on this principle and a diagram apparatus connected thereto, for measur ing and registering the strain or pressure.

The invention consists, fifthly, in the combination of a hydraulic straining-press and a hydraulic gage constructed 011 this principle, and a diagram apparatus connected to the gage caused thereby.

The invention consists, sixthly, in the combinationof devices for applying the rotary motion to a traveling ram or piston, as hereinafterfmore fully set forth. 1

Figure l is a side elevation of a testing-machine illustrating this invention. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the same. Fig. 3 is an end elevation thereof. Fig. 4 is a transverse section on the lines 4 4., Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 5 isa detail sectional view of a portion of one of the straining-screws with its stationary nut and iiig-press, partly in section. Fig. 7 is a plan view of the same. Fig. 8 is an elevation of a gage and diagram apparatus, illustrating the ing-machine' Fig. 9 is a plan view of the parts shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 10 is a vertical section of the gage on a larger scale.

Like numbers indicate corresponding parts in the'severa-l figures.

The testing-machine.proper of this appa ratus is a horizontal hydraulic machine for subjecting specimens of metal or other material to strains to determine their resistance to elongation and compression. This is illustrated in Figs. 1 to 7, inclusive.

A base, 2001', adapted to be made ofany required dimensions, is constructed in see and bolted together, and the whole is bolted down upon a solid foundation of masonry.

At one end of the machine a heavy strain ing-beam, 2092, is bolted to the masonry and to the bed 2001 of the machine.

To the bed 2001 is also cast or suitably at and to the specimen, so as to register at the same time the strains and the changes of shape measuring and registering portions of the'test- I tions, which are cast of proper size and shape.

coupling. Fig. 6 is an elevation of the strain tached a compression-abutment, 2003', with which the cylinder or case 2001 of the straining-press is combined. This is located at what may be termed the head of the machine. The base is extended a short distance beyond to form ways 2005 2006 for a cross-head or traveling beam, 2007, to which the ram or plunger 2008 of the straining-press is 'swiv eled, the said ram or plunger being rotary to provide for neutralizing the longitudinal resistance of packing friction in the strainingpress. Should the ram rest directly against the cross-head or traveling beam 2007, it would, with heavy pressures, bevery difficult to regulate it. That it may be easily rotated, a very shallow chamber, 2001 Fig. 6,

formed at theswivel end of the ram, and is connected with the main chamber 2001* by a passage-way through. the ram. The pressure of-the liquid here will be the means of transmitting the pressure or load of the strainingpress directly to the cross-head 2007. The ram itself, pressing very slightly only on the cross-head 2007, will rotate easily.

A pair of straining-screws, 2009, are swiveled in the cross-head 2007, being supported against longitudinal displacement with reference to the head 2007 by heavy collars. These screws extend through orifices in the abutment 2003 to points near the fixed strain ing-beam 2002, and they carry a cross head or movable strainingbeam, 2010. The strain ing-screws are supported and guided on one or both sides of this beam 2010 by trucks or wheeled supports 2011, which travel upon longitudinal ways 2012 2012, formed 011 the base 2001, as clearly represented in Fig. 4. Iawls may be attached to them, as shown, to aid in adjusting their position; but these pawls must be thrown out when the machine is in use. The upper portions of the trucks are sleeves embracing the screws. Those for usebet-ween the straining-beam 2010 and abutments 2003 will be constructed so as to be readily removable. The screws 2009 are made in sections, united by screw couplings 2013 secured by transverse locking-keys, as shown in Fig. 5, the joints occurring at the. beginning of the threaded portion of each screw. Screw-nuts 2014, illustrated in the same figure, are properly fitted to the screws and bolted within oritices in the beam 2010, which are made large enough to receive the gouplingsleeves, so as to utilize the entire length of thread. Specimenholders suitable for applying tensile strains are applied to the back of the movable straining-beam'2010 at 2015, and to the opposing face of the fixed straining-beam 2002 at 2016, and suitable platforms or holders for applying to the specimens strains of compression are applied to the beam 2010 and abutment 2003,

respectively, at the points 2017 and 2018. The screws are rotated to adjustthe movable straining-beam2010 back and forth to accommodate specimens of different lengths, and to draw the main cross-head 2007 back and the ram or plunger 2008 of the straining-press into motion thereto.

opposite to that of the driving-shaft.

its cylinder or case 2001 after each straining operation. During the operation of drawing the main cross-head back the movable straining-beam may be held by the specimen, if one of sufficient strength is in the machine. For holding the beam against backward movement when this is not the case, lockingpawls 2019 at its ends and racks 2020 at the outer sides of the longitudinal ways 2012 are provided. For holding the main cross-head 2007 against forward or backward motion, as the case may be, during the adjustment of the movable straining-beam 2010 bytlic screws, locking pawls 2019 at its ends and racks 2020 at the outer sides of the ways 2005 2006 are provided.

For rotating the ram or plunger 2008 and the straining screws 2009, two sets of gearings, 2021 2022, as numbered in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, and a horizontal driving-shaft, 2023, common to both, are mounted 011 the main cross head or traveling beam 2007 For the details of this mechanism and other details of the head of the testingmachine proper, reference is made to Fig. 6 and 7, in which the parts of the gearing are separately numbered. The driving-shaft 2023 has its bearings at the up per extremities of a pillar, 2024:,and a curved bracket, 2025, springing, respectively, from the top and back of the cross-head 2007. A flanged pulley, 2026, is keyed thereon to receive abelt from a driving-drum to which reversing-gear is applied. By shifting a splined clutclrsleeve, 2027, near the inner end of the driving-shaft, the operator couples thereto the first of a pair of bevel-gears, 2028 2029, which transmit the motion to a transverse counter-shaft, 2030, carrying a spur -wheel, 2031, and the latter transmits the motion to the upper of an intermeshing pair of spur-wheels, 2032. These are keyed to the shafts 2033 2033 of a pair of endless screws, 2031, which are thus driven in op posite'directions. These endless screws 2031 mesh at top and bottom, respectively, with a worm-wheel, 2035, keyed on the ram or plun ger 2008, and impart a slow and steady-'rotary This should be started at or before the starting of the pump and continued during the testing operation. The countershaft 2030 has bearings in a pair of pillars, 2036, on the top of the cross-head 2007. The screw-shafts 2033 2033 are supported by four brackets, 2037, springing from the face of the cross-head. By shifting a splined clutclrsleeve, 2038, near the outer end of the driving-shaft 2023 by means of the clutch-lever 2038 (shown in Fig. 6,) the operator couples on a spur-wheel, 2039, meshing with a pair of spur-wheels,2040, 011 the projecting rear ends of the strainingscrews 2009. These receive in this manner rotary motion in one and the same direction The guideway 2005 is made double, and supporting-wheels 2011 above it are supplemented by a pair, 2042, beneath, to counteract or resist the tendency of the rotating device to lift that end of the cross-head 2007. Supporting-wheels 2041, of greater width, a 'e provided above the way 2006 on the opposite side, on account of the strain brought on .them from rotating the ram being added to the weight carried by them. It is manifest that the ram or piston may be rotated by a single screw instead of a pair, as here shown, or directly by gears, as shown in the case of the gage.

The preferred mode of packing the ram or plunger is shown in Fig. 6. An inner expanding packing, 2043, arrests the most of the water which tends to escape around the ram or plunger, and is expanded thereby. An outer packing, 2044, is compressed through the medium of a gland in the usual way. An escapepipe, 2045, carries off the leaking from between the two packings. The escape of water from the chamber 2043" is prevented by expanding and compressed packing 2043 2044, similar to that'of the cylinder or case, and these may be supplemented by a leak-pipe similar to 2045.

The ram or plunger 2008 is constructed, as shown in Fig. 6, with a circumferential flange, 2046, which abuts against a shoulder in its socket in the cross head 2007, to prevent its withdrawal while permitting it to turn. It is introduced through an opening in the back of the cross-head, and is secured and supported by a screw-plug, 2047, filling the opening behind it. They straining-press is connected, in the usual way, with thepump by a pipe, 2048, and with a hydraulic gage by a pipe, 2049.

Figs. 8, 9, and 10 illustrate the application of the rotating device to the cylinder or case of a hydraulic press. instead of to the ram, piston, or plunger, as in the former illustration. The pipe 2049, conveying liquid whose pressure is to be measured or pressure-liquid to actuate a ram, as the case maybe, is extended by an elbow, 2050, and vertical branch 2051 through the hollow hub of a horizontal spurwheel, 2052, to the top of which the cylinder 2053 is attached concentrically by legs 2054, so as to rotate with the wheel. The pipe extends through a stuffing-box, 2055, to the lower end of the chamber of the cylinder. The ram or plunger 2056 works through a stuffing-box, 2057, at the upper end of the cylinder, in the usual way, except that the resistanceof the packing friction to the longitudinal motion in this stuffing-box is nearly neutralized by the rotary movement of the cylinder. The spurwheel 2052 is driven by a pinion, 2058, on a vertical shaft, 2059, to which motion is given by belt and pulley. is attached to a cross-head, 2060, and through rods 2060 to the weight or load 2061, which in the illustration is the plunger or float of a mercurial gage resting in the mercury of the chamber 2061. The mercury is not here shown. This is simply represented as an example. Springs, weights, or other approved means may be employed to weigh or measure the pressure as exerted through the moving part of the hydraulic press 2056. To register The ram or plunger 2056 the strains on the specimens as thus ascer tained or determined, a pencil-carrier, 2062, is attached to the cross-head 2060, and a rotary cylinder, 2063, is mounted parallel to the ram or plunger 2056, to support graduated paper, against which the pencil 2064 presses, and indicates by its rise or fall the pressure acting at any time. To register at the same time the effects of the strains, the specimen 2065, for example, has attached to it near its pulleys 2069 and 2070, and around a drum, 2071, on the end of the cylinder 2068, which or compressions of the specimen, thus causing the paper to have marked upon it by thepencil 2064 a curve or diagram the ordinates of which are proportional to the strains on the traced are proportional to the elongations or compressions of the specimen. This is illustrated in Figs. 8 and 9. Here the testing-machine and holders are not shown, only a portion of the specimen between the holders be ing seen. By suitable means other strains, as those produced by torsion or transverse loads, may be transferred to the paper on the diagram-cylinder 2063.

\Vhen the straining-press is in operation the pressure of the liquid in the same equals the strain to which the specimen 2065 between the holders is subjected plus the friction. which is overcome between the liquid and the specimen. tity by the rotating of the ram 2008, which neutralizes the resistance of the packing friction, as set forth; and by the anti-friction supports of the traveling beams and strainingscrews. The connecting-pipe 2049 causes this pressure to be exerted within the cylinder 2053 of the gage, where its force is weighed or determined, and here the resistance of the packing friction, which would otherwise re -duce the indications, is neutralized by the rotating device 2052 2058 2059. The movements of the gage, ram, or plunger 2056, representing the strains on the specimen, are registered through the medium of the cross-head 201.60, pencil-carrier2062, and pencil 2064, and the effect of these strains on the specimen are registered through the medium of the cord 2068, the drum 2071, and the eylinder2063, by which the diagram-paper is carried beneath the pencil.

The movements thus separately described are simultaneous and a single ultimate result accomplishednamely, the production of a diagram which is a single curved line representing the strains which a given specimen receives and the elongations, compressions, deflections, or torsion caused thereby. The ordinates of this curve are equal. to the motion of the gage-plunger, and are directly proportional to the load applied to the specimen, while the abscisses are equal to the extension,

it rotates proportionately to the elongations This is reduced to a small quan-- ends clamps 2066 and 2067, to the latter of 2 which is attached a cord, 2068, passing over.

specimen, while the abscisses of the curve so i.

compression, or deflection of the specimen, or directly proportional to its torsion.

It will be seen that mechanism could be readily introduced to change the rate of motion between the plunger and the pencil which is operated by it to give a diit'erent value to the ordinates, and between the specimen and the apparatus which rotates the paper, whereby the paper will move at a rate different from that of the yielding specimen, thus giving a different value to the abscisses. The most use ful relation of these motions would be that in which the motion of the pencil caused by the moving plunger was directly proportional to the strain per square inch on the specimen,-

while the motion of the paper is made proportional to the yielding perlineal inch of the specimen.

The accurate indication by the diagram ap parat-us of the strain applied and its effect on the specimen is rendered practicable by neutralizing the resistance of packing friction to longitudinal motion in the gage and strainingpress. The same principle is useful as applied to dynamometers.

The following is what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent 1; 111 a testing-machine or gage, a ram, pisten, or plunger and a cylinder or case there ing-press and a hydraulic gage having connected cylinders or cases, and devices for'producing a relative motion of rotation between the rams or pistons and their respective cylinders or cases, substantially as set forth.

4. The combination of a hydraulic gage, a diagram apparatus registering the longitudinal motion of the same, and a rotating device to neutralize the resistance of the packing friction of this longitudinal motion.

5. The combination of a hydraulic straining-press and a hydraulic gage having connected cylinders or cases, rotating devices for. neutralizing the resistance of the packing friction, and a diagram apparatus connected to the gage and to the specimen, so as to register the amount and effect of strains on the specimen, substantially as herein illustrated and described.

6. The combination,-with the ram or piston 2008, of an endless screw, 2034, driven by a worm-wheel, 2035, and drivinggear 2021, as described, for rotating the ram or piston.

7. The combination, with the ram or piston 2008, of the pair of endless screws 2034,driven in opposite directions, and the worm-wheels 2035, with their drivinggear 2021, as described, for rotating the said ram or piston 2008 to neutralize the resistance of the packing to longitudinal motion.

8. The combination, in a testing-machine,0f a straining -press, a diagram apparatus for registering the strains on specimens, and a rotating device to neutralize the resistance of the packing friction to the longitudinal motion of the strainingpress.

CHAS. E. EMERY.

lVitnesses OCTAVIUS KNIGHT, S. G. METCALF. 

